Policy Strategies to Address Violence and Inequity in Pakistan’s Health and Education Systems: A Narrative Review

Abstract

This policy manuscript presents a comprehensive, evidence-informed framework for transforming Pakistan's health and education systems to address better gender-based violence (GBV), systemic discrimination, and deeply rooted inequities. Drawing upon more than two decades of mixed-methods research conducted by Dr. Tazeen Saeed Ali and colleagues, this manuscript synthesises findings from over 25 empirical studies spanning urban, rural, and remote regions of Pakistan. These studies include community-based surveys, cluster randomised trials, focus group discussions, and scoping reviews. The evidence highlights persistent patterns of intimate partner violence, peer violence in schools, gender discrimination, and the mental health impacts of social stigma and cultural practices. The manuscript provides actionable policy recommendations rooted in this body of research and aligned with global frameworks, including WHO Health Systems Building Blocks, INSPIRE, RE-AIM, and UNGEI. Through data-driven insights, the manuscript aims to inform institutional reforms that prioritise equity, safety, and dignity in service delivery.