A Qualitative Analysis of English Language Learning in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Challenges and Opportunities

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the challenges and opportunities for undergraduate students learning English as a second language (ESL) in five districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Grounded in a descriptive qualitative research design, this study explores the lived experiences of learners in a region characterized by significant linguistic diversity. Using a purposive, maximum variation sampling strategy, the researcher collected data through semi-structured interviews with 20 undergraduate students from five public universities. The interviews were designed to explore the challenges and opportunities of learning English, covering areas such as pedagogical practices, language use in the classroom, study environment, and parental support. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The study revealed that students faced significant challenges, which were categorized into several key themes, including pedagogical approaches misaligned with communicative goals. On the other hand, students reported various opportunities for learning English, primarily driven by their own agency. These opportunities included leveraging digital resources such as social media for practice, using internet sources like YouTube for direct instruction, and accessing streaming services like Netflix for authentic language exposure. The findings of this study suggest that while undergraduate students in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa face significant systemic challenges in learning English, they are actively creating opportunities to enhance their language skills through informal, technology-assisted means. The results of this study may inform the development of context-specific policies and pedagogical programs aimed at improving the quality of English language education in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, particularly through the formal integration of digital learning tools. Further research is needed to explore practical strategies for addressing the identified challenges and maximizing the opportunities for English language learning for undergraduate students in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.