Population Growth, Economic Development and Food Security: A Comparative Study of Pakistan, Bangladesh and India

Abstract

Addressing undernourishment in Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India remains a critical challenge. This study analyses World Bank data (2001–2021) using econometric techniques to examine the impact of population growth and GDP per capita on undernourishment levels. Findings reveal that population growth significantly exacerbates undernutrition across all three countries, with long-term demographic trends playing a key role. The study employs the Difference-in-Differences (DiD) method to establish a causal link between population growth and increasing undernourishment. Results indicate a strong positive correlation between population growth and undernutrition, while the effects of GDP per capita growth vary. In Bangladesh, economic growth helps alleviate undernourishment, whereas in Pakistan and India, its impact remains minimal or statistically insignificant. These findings highlight the need for targeted policies addressing both demographic and economic factors to improve food security. Key policy recommendations include promoting sustainable agricultural practices, improving rural infrastructure to minimise food losses, and strengthening social safety nets for vulnerable populations. Climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies are essential to counter environmental threats to food security. This study provides policymakers and stakeholders with valuable insights for combating undernourishment and enhancing food security in South Asia.