Social Stigmatization, Psychological Distress and Coping Strategies Among Mothers of Only Female Children in Rural Punjab, Pakistan

Abstract

This research aims to explore the experiences of social stigmatization, psychological distress, and coping strategies among rural Punjabi women who have only female children. The study was conducted within a cultural setting where patriarchy and pronatalism are two complex realities. In such contexts, anyone who deviates from these approved cultural norms may face stigma and distress, and to destigmatize themselves may use coping strategies. A qualitative research design grounded in an interpretive approach was adopted to explore these contextually embedded assumptions. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions carried out with participants residing in the rural setting of Punjab province, including mothers of only daughters and community members. A thematic analysis was conducted to identify key patterns and narratives emerging from participant experiences. The findings reveal that these women face persistent stigmatization, emotional abuse, and social exclusion, particularly from in-laws and other female relatives. They are often blamed for reproductive failure and pressured to seek spiritual or herbal interventions. Despite enduring significant psychological distress such as anxiety, shame, and isolation, many women adopt coping strategies rooted in religious faith, emotional resilience, and avoidance. These insights highlight a critical need for culturally sensitive interventions to protect mothers of only female children from psychological distress and resulting mental health issues.