Farmers' Perception of Climate Change and Its Impact on Tobacco Grown: A Case Study of Swabi (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)

Abstract

This study examined the knowledge and perceptions of small farmers in the Swabi district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa concerning climate change and its impact on their livelihoods. In collaboration with the Community Based Organisation (CBO) Swabi, the study surveyed 30 farmers across 8 Union Councils through interviews and fieldwork. The findings revealed that while farmers are aware of different farming techniques, their awareness about the long-term effects of climate change is not up to date. Farmers identified tobacco as a profitable crop but noted its vulnerability to changing climate conditions. The study also pointed out that farmers have noticed changes in temperature and rainfall patterns over the last 5 to 10 years, including early rainy seasons, prolonged drought periods, and unusual rains. Over 70% of farmers reported lower tobacco yields and increased input costs, primarily due to increased water use and pest invasions, which they directly attributed to changing climate conditions. In comparison, 60% of respondents have reported a reduction in leaf quality, characterised by leaf yellowing, which is attributed to temperature changes in the soil. Despite their limited knowledge, farmers have implemented various strategies, including adjusting planting schedules, utilising tube wells for irrigation, and increasing pesticide application for a specified period. The report finds that although the farmers' knowledge about climate change is limited, there is a necessity for specific awareness campaigns, training of farmers, providing capacity-building programs, and developing climate-resilient crop varieties, including tobacco, to improve farmers' resilience to climate change.