Stereotypical Perceptions, Self-Silencing, Psychological Distress, and Emotional Regulation among Unmarried Women in Pakistan

Abstract

In Pakistan, marriage is a fundamental social institution crucial for a woman's perceived security and success. Societal stigmatization of unmarried women significantly contributes to their psychological distress, negatively affecting their social, educational, and professional lives. This study utilized a quantitative method based on cross-sectional survey research. Data were collected from 250 unmarried women aged 30 and above, using a purposive sampling technique with self-report questionnaires including the Negative Stereotyping of Single Person Scale, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, Self-Silencing Scale, and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Self-report questionnaires were used alongside a demographic sheet detailing characteristics such as age, education, family structure, birth order, and number of siblings. The findings revealed significant positive correlations between negative stereotypical perceptions of psychological distress, self-silencing, and emotional regulation. Psychological distress showed a significant positive correlation with self-silencing but a non-significant correlation with emotional regulation. Self-silencing exhibited a significant negative correlation with emotional regulation. The study reveals a strong link between negative stereotypes and psychological distress in unmarried women, who often experience inferiority complexes, diminished moral confidence, and psychological suffering due to societal discrimination. Self-silencing is a crucial mediator, exacerbating these issues. However, emotional regulation can moderate these effects, promoting better mental health among unmarried women.